'Bella Ciao' to 'OwO' - what do the messages on the bullets in the Charlie Kirk case mean?

Experts have described engravings left on ammunition at the scene of the Charlie Kirk shooting as "extremely online" – so what do the words and symbols actually mean?

Authorities said on Friday that the suspect accused of fatally shooting the Conservative activist left behind bullet casings featuring references to fascism, video games and internet memes.

To those who aren't chronically online, the messages may appear to be total gibberish. But for others, specifically gamers, many of the meanings will have immediately been clear.

Here's what each of the casings reference - and why experts have cautioned against using them to make assumptions about the suspect's political leanings.

1. 'notices, bulges, OWO, what's this?'

This writing appears to reference a meme about the furry subculture, which centres on an interest in anthropomorphic animal characters.

Within the furry community, OwO is an emoticon of a cute face (with the Os as the eyes and the w as a cute mouth or nose) and used as a way of flirting - but outside the community, it is often used in a mocking way, or as part of trolling.

It's incredibly common for phrases used by people who are "extremely online" - which essentially means highly engaged in online culture - to have double or multiple meanings.

For this reason, experts have cautioned against trying to interpret messages such as these engravings to determine an attacker's political leanings or motive.

Jamie Cohen, an assistant professor of media studies who studies memes at Queens College in New York, said: "Oftentimes this extremely online disguise is meant to be doublespeak."

Speaking to Sky News' US partner NBC News, he continued: "It's meant specifically for someone like me to dive into what they would call meme culture and declare them something so that they get more press.

"So it could just be another bait and switch for researchers who are falling into the same trap that they are designing for more viral exposure."

2. 'Hey, fascist! Catch ↑ → ↓↓↓'

When asked by Sky News' US correspondent James Matthews what the messages on the casings meant, Utah governor Spencer Cox said the writing referring to a fascist "speaks for itself".

The second half of the inscription - the directional arrows - were immediately identified by some gamers.

Helldivers 2 players have pointed out that the arrow sequence is the code used to summon a 500kg bomb in the 2024 game - which itself has been interpreted as a satire of fascism.

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3. 'Oh bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao ciao ciao'

Bella Ciao is a classic Italian song that became a popular anti-fascism anthem during Benito Mussolini's dictatorship.

It has won renewed popularity in recent years thanks, in part, to featuring multiple times in Netflix's Spanish television series Money Heist.

A popular remix of Bella Ciao has hit more than 260 million streams on Spotify worldwide and it's become a favourite on TikTok, as well as within the gaming community.

Read more:
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4. 'If you read this, you are gay lmao'

This juvenile insult, using the well-known abbreviation for 'laughing my ass off', is a common 'gotcha' phrase and simply appears to mock investigators.

The messages, another expert has said, make one thing clear - the suspect was likely seeking fame.

Lindsay Hahn, a University at Buffalo associate professor who researches ideological extremism and the ways in which perpetrators of violence justify their actions, said the messages do not necessarily indicate a specific ideology.

"But what they do indicate, is that the shooter wanted to get a message across and therefore be talked about online," she told NBC.

"It sort of seems like these messages, at the very minimum, were selected because he knew they were going to be talked about."